DRINKING AND DRIVING OFFENCES Essays - Driving Under The Influence

1 Driving drunk Offenses My exposition is on Driving under the influence Offenses. In my article I will reveal to you the different sorts of driving under the influence offenses, the punishments, also, the protections you can make on the off chance that you are discovered driving under the influence. Let me educate you concerning the various offenses. There are six offenses in driving under the influence. They are driving while impeded, Having care what's more, control of a vehicle while impeded, Driving while at the same time surpassing 80 m.g., Having care and control of a vehicle while surpassing 80 m.g., Can't to give a breath test, and declining to submit to a side of the road screen test. These are on the whole Criminal Code Offenses. Presently lets talk about the punishments of driving under the influence. The sentence for declining to give a breath test is generally higher than both of the surpassing 80 m.g. offenses. Thusly it is as a rule simpler over the long haul for you to give a breath test whenever inquired. On the off chance that, for model you are sentenced for Rejecting ato give a breath test for the first time, however was prior indicted for Driving while impeded, your conviction for Won't will consider a subsequent conviction, not a first, what's more, will get the stiffer punishment for second offenses. For the primary offense here is the punishment and the protections you can make. Driving a vehicle while your capacity to drive is debilitated by liquor or on the other hand sedates is one of the offenses. Proof of your condition can be utilized to convict you. This can incorporate proof of your general lead, discourse, capacity to walk a straight line or get objects. The punishment of the first offenses is a fine of $50.00 to $2000.00 as well as detainment of up to a half year, and programmed suspension of permit for 3 months. The second offense punishment is detainment for 14 days to 1 year and programmed suspen- sion of permit for a half year. The third offense punishment is detainment 2 for 3 months to 2 years (or more) and programmed suspension of permit for a half year. These punishments are the equivalent for the accompanying offenses. Having Care and Control of a Motor Vehicle while Impaired is another offense. Having care and control of a vehicle doesn't necessitate that you be driving it. Possessing the driver's seat, regardless of whether you didn't have the keys, is adequate. Strolling towards the vehicle with the keys could be suffi- cient. A few safeguards are you were not weakened, or you didn't have care and control since you were not in the driver's seat, didn't have the keys, and so on. It's anything but a resistance that you enlisted beneath 80 m.g. on the breath- ayzer test. Having care and control relies upon all conditions. Driving While Exceeding 80 m.g. is the following offense. Driving a vehicle, having devoured liquor in such an amount, that the extent of liquor in your blood surpasses 80 miligrams of liquor in 100 mililitres of blood. A few barriers are the test was directed inappropriately, or the breathalyzer machine was not working appropriately. Having Care and control of a Motor Vehicle while Exceeding 80 m.g. is the following offense I will discuss. This offense implies having care and control of a vehicle whether it is moving or not, having expended liquor in such an amount, that the extent of liquor in your blood surpasses 80 miligrams of liquor in 100 mililitres of blood. The barriers are the test was managed inappropriately, or the breathalyzer machine was not working appropriately. To shield against breathalyzer proof you should see how the test ought to be managed. The best possible system for a breathalyzer test is as per the following. Heating up the machine until the thermometer registers 50 degrees centigrade. This should take at any rate 10 minutes. The machine should then be gone to zero (by utilizing the alter zero control) and a correlation ampoulel (of ordinary air) embedded. in the event that the meter stays at zero, the test can continue. An ampoule with a standard arrangement is then embedded. 3 In the event that the meter understands high or low by over .02% on two progressive tests, the machine ought not be utilized. In the event that the preliminary is legitimate, the machine ought to be flushed with room air and the pointer set at start. You will at that point be requested to give two breath tests, around fifteen minutes separated. Regularly they will take the consequence of the most reduced outcome and use it as proof against you. Declining to Give a

Role Theory

Understanding Intimate Partner Violence through Role Theory: A Concept Paper Introducing Role Theory Role hypothesis is a sociological system that has been utilized to clarify sets of social examples between individuals across shifting settings. It tries to clarify one of the most significant qualities of human social conduct †the way that how individuals act, carry on and talk are not discrete, novel, separated but instead, are intelligent of specific examples and courses of action that rely upon the social setting and the on-screen characters in these unique circumstances (Mangus, 1957; Biddle, 1986). To outline, inside the setting of a personal connection, for example, marriage, brutality between accomplices can be attached to the specific examples and courses of action of acting, carrying on and talking between accomplices â€, for example, gaining cash, raising youngsters, dealing with the home and starting sexual relations. Albeit a few adaptations of the hypothesis have been explained by researchers, there has all the earmarks of being understanding that job hypothesis is for the most part around three interrelated ideas: (1) designed and trademark social practices, (2) sections or ways of life as accepted by social members, and (3) contents or desires for conduct that are comprehended and followed by on-screen characters in a specific social setting (Biddle, 1986). For example, embracing a job hypothesis viewpoint to understanding private accomplice viciousness requires taking a gander at the designed and trademark social practices of personal accomplices in a relationship, the parts or characters that each accomplice plays in the relationship, and the contents or desires that are deciphered and clung to by the accomplices in a specific social setting, explicitly in circumstances of savage experiences. Besides, the hypothesis likewise takes into account a comprehension of the connections among the individual, aggregate and auxiliary degrees of society (Turner, 2001), as it manages the association and association of social conduct between the small scale, full scale and middle of the road levels of society. In this manner, inside job hypothesis, an examination of close accomplice viciousness involves investigating the individual practices of accomplices in a brutal relationship and following the linkages of these practices to the social structures that exist in a specific culture. Characterizing Roles Integral to job hypothesis is the idea of job. A few definitions have been attributed to the idea of job in the writing. On a general level, the idea of job incorporates a portrayal of practices, qualities, standards and qualities held by an individual (Thomas and Biddle, 1966). Another definition recognizes job as a group of practices and mentalities that are comprehended as having a place together, with the end goal that an individual is considered as acting reliably while ordering the different segments of a solitary job and dynamically when the person neglects to do as such (Turner, 2001). For example, the customary manly job can be portrayed as forceful, yearning, predominant, free and tireless while the conventional female job can be represented as pleasant, gracious, thoughtful, trusting, understanding and warm (Ellington and Marshall, 1997). Accordingly, an accomplice who assumes the manly job must authorize practices and perspectives that are regular of this job, for example, being forceful, prevailing, autonomous and agentic. For this accomplice cast in the manly job, to be latent, reliant and pleasing suggests contrariness with the customary manly job. In particular, a job may allude to conduct that is anticipated from individuals who involve specific social classifications, for example, statuses (or positions) in both formal and casual frameworks (Montgomery, 1998 as refered to in Lynch, 2007; Biddle and Thomas, 1979 as refered to in Lynch, 2007). Jobs may likewise be intelligent of the social qualities and standards in a specific culture (Zurcher, 1983 as refered to in Lynch, 2007). Jobs may likewise be conceptualized as an asset that social on-screen characters attempt to use to accomplish certain social objectives (Callero, 1994). This presumption recommends two things: (1) that human organization is encouraged and communicated using jobs as assets, and (2) that jobs are utilized as apparatuses in the foundation of social structures (Baker and Faulkner, 1991 as refered to in Callero, 1994). Most social jobs exist two by two or sets. In this manner, jobs can be conceptualized as related through particular job connections (Mangus, 1957). In that capacity, there could be no spouse job without a wife job and no parent job without a youngster job. With regards to hint savagery, there exists the culprit casualty job set. As composed examples of social conduct, jobs are of a few kinds (Mangus, 1957). Jobs might be credited to the individual, forced upon an individual or accomplished by the individual (Mangus, 1957). Sex and sex jobs are attributed to or forced upon an individual (Mangus, 1957). For example, one needs to accept the manly job in the event that one is male or the ladylike job on the off chance that one is brought into the world female. Then again, one’s jobs in gatherings and word related frameworks, for example, pioneer, middle person or peacemaker, are accomplished jobs. Jobs may likewise be comprehended as conventional or explicit. A few jobs might be unavoidable, tenacious, summed up and exceptionally critical to a person’s life while different jobs might be restricted, subordinate, transitory, confined and irrelevant to a person’s life (Mangus, 1957). To delineate, in a vicious close connection, the jobs of culprit and casualty might be the prevalent setup in the relationship. Then again, these jobs may likewise be viewed as detached to specific social settings and in this manner comprehended as subordinate to different jobs, for example, father, mother, provider and guardian. Jobs may likewise be exceptionally unique or they might be concrete (Mangus, 1957). Conceptual jobs rise up out of social frameworks of statuses and are communicated as summed up moral measures (Mangus, 1957). Instances of unique jobs are apparent in all inclusive desires for genuineness and equity. Status jobs incorporate rights and obligations that exude from a given position or office (Mangus, 1957). Outlines of status jobs can be found in the qualifications and commitments that are given to people of power, for example, administrators, pioneers or leaders. Turner (2001) additionally distinguished four wide kinds of jobs: (1) essential jobs, (2) position or status jobs, (3) practical gathering jobs, and (4) esteem jobs. Fundamental jobs allude to jobs that are related with sexual orientation, age and social class (Banton, 1965 as refered to in Turner, 2001). These are viewed as essential jobs since they apply to a wide scope of circumstances and in light of the fact that they will in general adjust the importance and taking up of different sorts of jobs. The second sort of jobs, position or status jobs, relate to positions in associations or officially composed gatherings (Turner, 2001). Word related and family jobs might be viewed as instances of position or status jobs. Practical gathering jobs are the casual standards of conduct that emerge unexpectedly as people take on situational characters during social collaborations (Benne and Sheats, 1948 as refered to in Turner, 2001). Instances of practical gathering jobs are go between, facilitator, pundit, guide, pioneer and adherent. At long last, esteem jobs are like utilitarian gathering jobs in that the two sorts of jobs rise immediately from the social communication. Be that as it may, esteem jobs will in general be appended to emphatically or adversely esteemed personalities (Turner, 2001). In personal connections, instances of significant worth jobs can be the jobs of legend, lowlife, holy person, heathen, culprit or casualty. In the wake of giving a diagram of job hypothesis and the idea of jobs, we presently go to clarify the two significant ways to deal with understanding job hypothesis. Two Main Approaches to Understanding Roles A survey of the related writing recognized two fundamental ways to deal with getting jobs: (1) the conventional basic useful methodology and (2) the interactionist approach. In this segment, we feature the qualities of each approach just as give a clarification of the significant presumptions inside every point of view. We likewise give outlines concerning how each approach can help illuminate our comprehension of personal accomplice connections. At last, we talk about the confinements of each approach. Conventional Structural-Functional Approach The auxiliary functionalist custom of job hypothesis centers around how jobs, as fixed segments of complex social structures, societies or social frameworks, impact the conduct of individuals (Lynch, 2007). Two related strands of job hypothesis are installed inside this methodology †auxiliary job hypothesis and utilitarian job hypothesis. Auxiliary job hypothesis focuses on social structures, which are comprehended as steady associations of sets of people (called â€Å"social positions† or â€Å"statuses†) who share the equivalent designed and qualities practices (jobs) that are according to others sets of people in the structure (Biddle, 1986). This specific strand of customary job hypothesis alludes to parts of sorted out gatherings as â€Å"status† and to the fixed practices expected of people possessing a status as â€Å"roles† Stryker, 2001). In this manner, jobs might be conceptualized as the dynamic part of statuses or social situations, with jobs relating to rights and obligations appended to statuses or social positions (Stryker, 2001). Inside this strand, jobs are comprehended as existing before the social association of individuals who involve the statuses or social situations, as jobs begin from the amassed encounters of past people who have recently involved a status or social position (Stryker, 2001). The second strand of conventional job hypothesis †functionalist job hypothesis †features the trademark practices of people who involve social situations inside a steady social framework (Biddle, 1986). Inside this strand, jobs are conce

How to Write an Outline In APA Format

How to Write an Outline In APA Format Student Resources Print How to Write an Outline in APA Format By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on July 21, 2019  FluxFactory / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Formatting Basics Outline Example Other Considerations View All Back To Top Writing a psychology paper can present a number of challenges, from picking a good topic to finding high-quality sources to cite. Formatting your paper in APA style can also be difficult at times, particularly if you have never used this format before. Writing a solid outline is one of the first steps you should take as you research, organize, and write your paper. In most cases, you will probably not need to include an outline with your paper unless your instructor specifically requires one. However, having a solid outline is always a good writing strategy. Not only will it help you organize your writing, but it will also help you make sure that you are effectively communicating your message. What Is APA Format? APA format is the official style of the American Psychological Association. It is used both in university papers and in professional psychology publications. Learning the basics of APA format is an important part of creating effective papers and reports in the social sciences. Psychology is not the only field of study that relies on APA format. Other disciplines including education, nursing, economics, and sociology also often rely on this formatting approach. This format dictates how papers should be styled, including how they are structured, the layout of the page, and how the information should be presented. APA Format Basics The APA official publication manual does not provide guidance on the preparation of an APA format outline. However, the manual does specify a number of general rules that you should follow as part of your outline. The margins of your outline should be one-inch on all sides, including the top, bottom, left, and rightUse a 12-point, Times New Roman font for all text in your outlineInclude a page number in the upper right-hand corner of your outlineDouble-space your outline Your outline will include three key sections: an introduction, the main body, and a conclusion. In the introduction, you will highlight some key background points and present your thesis. The main body of your paper will detail your main ideas that support your thesis. Finally, your conclusion will briefly reiterate your points and clarify how these ideas support your final position. APA Outline Format Tips In addition to following the basic rules for APA format writing, there are some guidelines that you may want to follow as you prepare your outline.Use Roman numerals for your main headings (I, II, III, IV, etc)Subheadings should use capital letters (A, B, C, D)If you need to continue making subheadings within your initial ones, they should use Arabic numerals, then lower case letters, then Arabic numerals inside parentheses APA Format Outline Example Here is an example of how you would outline your paper in APA format: I. Choose a good topic for your paper A. Develop a strong thesis B. Research your topic Organize your researchChoose your main argumentsConsider facts that will help support your thesisCreate a working outline to help organize your writing II. Begin writing your paper A. Writing an introduction that summarizes your topic, gives some background information, and presents your main thesis B. Write the main body of your paper based on your working outline Be sure to follow the structure that your instructor has specifiedPresent your strongest points firstFollow your arguments with research and examples that support your ideasOrganize your ideas logically and in order to strengthBe sure to keep track of your sourcesPresent and debate possible counterargumentsPresent evidence that counters these opposing arguments III. Write your conclusion A. Summarize your main points briefly B. Present ideas for possible future research that might be needed IV. Update your final outline to reflect your completed draft A. Be sure to review and edit your paper Other Formatting Tips to Consider Your outline should begin on a new page. Additionally, youll want to check that your word processing program does not automatically insert unwanted text or notations as you create your outline (such as letters, numbers, or bullet points). There should be a way to turn off auto-formatting, although you will need to consult the programs documentation for specific instructions. Your instructor may require you to specify your thesis statement somewhere in your outline. This might be at the top of your outline or included as a subheading inside of your outline. Check your assignment instructions for guidance. If you are required to turn in your outline prior to starting your paper, you may also need to include a list of references that you plan to use. Other Considerations Since there is no specific APA outline format, there may be some variability in what your outline ultimately looks like. You might choose to format your headings and subheadings as full sentences, for example, or you might choose to use shorter headings that summarize the content. You might also opt for a different organization in terms of lettering and numbering your subheadings. Consistency is key. Pick an organizational method (or choose the one your instructor requests), and then stick with it. While it can be helpful to look at online guides for APA outline format, it is important first and foremost to follow the guidelines that your instructor has provided. He or she may have other requirements that you should take note of, including what should be included in your outline and how it should be formatted and structured. Some instructors may require you to do an outline using a decimal format. This type of outline is structured similarly to a regular outline, but headings use Arabic decimals instead of Roman numbers or letters. Main headings would be 1.0, 1.2, 1.3, for example, while subheadings would be 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.3. A Word From Verywell Understanding the basics of APA format can make writing psychology or other social science papers much easier. While the APA does not have specific rules for writing outlines, you should always follow key rules for margins, fonts, spacing, and page numbering. 7 APA Citation Tools for Creating References

1970 Palestinian Hijackings of Three Jets to Jordan

On Sept. 6, 1970, terrorists belonging to the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) almost simultaneously hijacked three jetliners shortly after they took off from European airports on routes toward the United States. When hijackers on one plane were foiled, hijackers seized  a fourth jet, diverted it to Cairo, and blew it up. The two other hijacked planes were ordered to a desert airstrip in Jordan known as Dawson Field. Three days later, PFLP hijackers seized another jet and diverted it to the desert strip, which the hijackers called Revolution Field. Most of the 421 passengers and crew on board the three planes in Jordan were freed on Sept. 11, but hijackers held on to 56 hostages, most of them Jewish and American men, and blew up the three jets on Sept. 12. The hijackings--part of 29 hijackings attempted or carried out by Palestinian factions between 1968 and 1977--triggered the Jordanian civil war, also known as Black September, as the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the PFLP attempted to seize control of Jordan from King Hussein. Husseins toppling failed, however, and the hostage crisis was resolved on Sept. 30 when the PFLP released the last six hostages it held in exchange for the release of several Palestinian and Arab prisoners held in European and Israeli jails. The Hijackings: The Five Planes PFLP hijackers seized a total of five planes during their September 1970 operation. The planes were: Sept. 6: El Al Flight 219 from Amsterdam to New York, a Boeing 707 carrying 142 passengers and crew. It was Hijacked by Patrick Argà ¼ello, a Nicaraguan-American doctor, and Leila Khaled, a Palestinian. An Israeli air marshal and passengers on the plane subdued the hijackers, killing Argà ¼ello. The plane landed safely in London. British authorities released Khaled on Sept. 30 as part of a deal for the release of hostages held in Jordan.Sept. 6: Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 741, en route from Frankfurt to New York, a Boeing 707 carrying 149 passengers and crew. Hijackers renamed the plane Gaza One and ordered it to the Jordanian airstrip. It was blown up on Sept. 12.Sept. 6: Swissair Flight 100 from Zurich to New York, a DC-8 with 155 passengers and crew. It was over France when hijackers seized it, renamed it Haifa One, and ordered it to Dawson Field in Jordan. It was blown up on Sept. 12.Sept. 6: Pan American Flight 93, a 747 taking off from Amsterdam and carrying 173 passen gers and crew, was ordered to fly to Beirut, even though the international airport there didnt have a runway for 747s. One more PFLP member, an explosives expert, boarded the plane in Beirut. The hijackers then ordered it flown to Cairo, where it landed at 4:23 a.m. and was blown up shortly afterward.The hijackers told us the plane would be blown up, but they said it so politely and with such smiles that we couldnt take this too seriously, Cornelius Van Aalst, the flights service supervisor, told reporters in Cairo, after the ordeal. The hijackers were very friendly, according to Van Aalst, showing exemplary manners and helping to carry an injured woman in a blanket from the plane.Sept. 9: BOAC Flight 775 from Bombay to London, a VC-10, was seized while flying over Lebanon. (The British Overseas Airways Corporation is the forerunner to British Airways.) PFLP hijackers said they had seized the plane as a ransom for the release of Leila Khaled, the foiled hijacker aboard the El Al pla ne. The BOAC plane carried 117 passengers and crew. It was allowed to land in Beirut, where it refueled, then flew to Dawson Field in Jordan to join the two other hijacked jets there. Why the Hijackings PFLP leader George Habash had planned the hijackings with Wadi Haddad, his lieutenant, in July 1970, when Jordan and Egypt agreed to a cease-fire with Israel that ended the War of Attrition that had stretched back to 1967. Habash, whose militants had been taking part in raids on Israel from the Sinai, Jordan, and Lebanon, was opposed to the settlement. If a settlement is made with Israel, Habash vowed, we will turn the Middle East into a hell. He was true to his word. Habash was in North Korea (on his way home from Beijing), on a shopping trip for weapons, when the hijackings took place. That created confusion over what the hijackers were demanding, as they had no clear spokesman. At one point a hijacker on board the Pan Am flight said the PFLP wanted the release of Sirhan Sirhan, the Palestinian convicted assassin of Senator Robert F. Kennedy in 1968, and serving a life sentence at the California State Prison, Corcoran. The PFLP then submitted a formal list of demands that called for the release of Palestinian and Arab prisoners in European and Israeli jails. There were about 3,000 Palestinian and other Arab individuals in Israeli jails at the time. Over three weeks, hostages were released in trickles--and the hijackers demands were met. On Sept. 30, Britain, Switzerland and West Germany agree to release seven Arab guerillas, including Leila Khaled, the El Al Flight 219 hijacker. Israel also released two Algerians and 10 Libyans. The Jordanian Civil War PLO leader Yasser Arafat seized on the hijackings to go on the offensive in Jordan--against King Hussein, who nearly abdicated his throne. A Syrian military column was on its way toward Amman, the Jordanian capital, in support of the Palestinian assault. But with the backing of the United States Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean and even the Israeli military, which was ready to intervene on the kings behalf, Hussein mobilized his forces and turned them against Palestinians in a bloody three-week war. Hussein triumphed, severely weakening the hijackers stance. A turning point in the battle--and the hostage crisis--was the Jordanian militarys rescue of 16 British, Swiss and German hostages held captive near Amman.

The Case Law On Horizontal Direct Effect Of Directives

The CJEU case-law on horizontal direct effect of directives arguably lacks consistency in regards to the application of the general principle. The principle of direct effect was established in Van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen. Although there is no set definition of direct effect, a broader definition was provided in Van Gend en Loos that it â€Å"can be expressed as the capacity of a provision of EU law to be invoked before a national court.† However, Van Dyun v. Home Office established that directives are capable of direct effect. Furthermore, Marshall v. Southampton established that there could only be vertical direct effect of directives. This stringent principle has arguable ignited the highly contested debate of whether or not horizontal direct effect is applicable to directives or if directives could only have vertical direct effect. However, this essay shall explore the lack of consistency in case-law regarding horizontal direct effect of directives. Firstly, this paper will delve into the case-law of the topic of horizontal direct effect of directives in efforts to try to highlight its consistency in its approach. Secondly, the paper will use case law and the opinion of academics (enter the name of the academics later) to highlight its inconsistencies using the legal mechanisms that have been introduced by the Courts to try to compensate for the lack of horizontal direct effect of directives. Namely, indirect effect, incidental horizontalShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of Direct Effect1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe doctrine of direct effect is the primary tool by which the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) enforces European Union (EU) law within member-states. However, the power of direct effect as a tool of enforcement means that the CJEU has had to resist impulses to overextend its application. This essay will argue that rather than unnecessarily undermining the doctrine of direct effect, the CJEU has sk ilfully managed to create an effective enforcement regime for directives while applyingRead MoreHorizontal Direct Effect805 Words   |  4 PagesHorizontal direct effect Horizontal direct effect is a legal doctrine developed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) whereby individuals can rely on the direct effect of provisions in the Treaties, which confer individual rights, in order to make claims against other private individuals before national courts. By virtue of the doctrine of the ‘direct effect’ of Treaty provisions, individuals can rely directly on EC law before their national courts. There is no need for implementation of EC lawRead MoreEssay On EU Law953 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of direct effects, it has generally been explained to be a principle that bestows upon the individuals of the European Union (hereafter, the EU) Member State, a right which flows from EU law. This conferring of right would enable an individual to invoke the provision before the courts. An invention of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereafter, the CJEU) and first recognized in Van Gend en Loose , this principle, therefore, goes to the heart of the supremacy of EU law. The questionRead MoreDirect Effect Principle1503 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction 1 Most European Union law(hereinafter referred as EU law) textbooks showcase that the evolution of direct effect principle gave rise to various debatable issues. 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Fergie takes legal proceedings against Charlston Council to claim compensation for his injury. The council seems to have complied with the domestic law which stipulate only that, the caterers has a duty to eliminate unhealthy food. The Act is silent on genetically modified foodRead MoreThe Issue Arising From The Monique s Case Essay2039 Words   |  9 Pagesissue arising from the Monique’s case is the direct applicability of the Treaty Articles and the direct or indirect effect of Directives, provided by the European Union. Monique may be able to rely on both Article 18 and 45 of TFEU which concerns any kind of discrimination against EU citizens. The Council Directive 14/08 will be examined whether it is direct or indirect applicable, or if it can be applicable under the principle of state liability. In the case where one of the above can be establishedRead MoreThe Long Term Employment Act 20133997 Words   |  16 Pagesclaimant. †¢ Directive 444 cites that individuals ‘must’ be compensated, as a long term employee, which the Directive defines as working more than 4 years with the current employer, for any and all reasonable injury related medical expenses for at least one year following the date of their injury. This provision would mean that the client is entitled to at least  £2,400 up until May 2015, as their current medical expenses per month are  £200 for medication and physiotherapy. †¢ Under UK law, the LongRead MoreAction Against The Government Of Italy894 Words   |  4 Pagesthe government of Italy for failing to implement the Directive 80/987, that required the protection of employees in the event of their employer’s insolvency. Francovich and other applicants were owed wages by their employers who became bankrupt. 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Philosophy of Christian Education Free Essays

Anthony Stockton Dr. Hayes CED 2020 21 Oct. 2012 Toward a Philosophy of Christian Education Christian education is one of the most important things an individual can participate in throughout their lifetime. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy of Christian Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a lifelong process, beginning when we reach an age of awareness and ability to learn, and does not end until we reach our physical deaths. This is an ever-evolving progression that changes over the course of a person’s life. People have the capability to constantly grow in spiritual maturity, and it is imperative as teachers and educators to aid students in perceiving, accepting, and fulfilling the Gospel. Jesus provided the Great Commission to make disciples until the day of his return. This is something we must consider carefully and intentionally. As Christian educators, we have the responsibility of first making disciples of Christ, and secondly to prepare them for their participation in our culture and society with God’s word at the center of all they do. Educators should have a desire for others to be transformed into the likeness of Christ. People must learn how they can know God and follow him in their daily lives. â€Å"We . . . need to be clear on our purpose and creative in our design of educational strategies and use of methods that promote the knowledge of God and a growing relationship with Him† (Anthony 25). Every faucet of the purposes and goals of Christian education should be Christ-centered and biblical. According to Michael Anthony’s book, Christian Education, â€Å"the philosophical foundations of Christian education are derived from systematic theology, which in turn emerges from biblical theology† (26). A correct observation and high view of the Bible, as well as thinking and teaching according to Christ’s view of Scripture, is the Christian educator’s ultimate frame of reference. There has to be an awareness of the indispensable theological keystone of the faith for this education to be successful. In the Bible, Jesus says, â€Å"Sanctify them by the truth; your word is truth† (John 17. 7). Therefore, teaching with the groundwork of God’s word is teaching the truth; the Bible tells Christians how to live in this world and gives His people morals to stand by and believe. An educational philosophy that is biblically informed provides stability in the midst of the never-ending changes in our society. â€Å"The only constants in our world a re God and Scripture. The Lord of the church is the Lord of theology and philosophy† (Anthony 34). Educators need to use theology and the Bible as the foundation for moving toward any philosophy in their Christian education. The purpose of my first education program is to lead people in worship of our Lord and Savior through music, which evokes their feelings and emotions as they celebrate His greatness, unconditional love, and presence in their lives. The goals for worship are for individuals to feel free to express their love of Christ and thankfulness for His mercy, grace, and eternal salvation during Sunday morning services. They will learn the powerful words to these songs, and will then be able to feel the truthfulness in them, through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit. When people worship and celebrate God, those feelings are released, which then leads to them wanting to grow even closer in their relationship with Him; one goal from this experience is for them to bring others to church, becoming witnesses and bringing people who don’t know Christ to services, thus fulfilling the Great Commission. By singing songs with words that come from the Bible, they will become familiar with verses that are God-breathed, making it a strong foundation for Christian education. The purpose of my second education program, leading small group meetings for adults, is to create a safe environment and atmosphere, where students are surrounded by not only their peers, but friends, which allows for a positive setting to learn. The goals are to educate people regarding the Bible and God, so they will know Him more intimately; they will feel the acceptance of others, and in this emotional climate, be able to openly ask questions they have regarding Christianity that they might not feel comfortable doing in a larger group, or among people outside their age range. They will be able to both know and feel the non-judgmental attitude of the group itself, as they get to know one another more as well. Also, just as with Worship, they will want to bring others to these meetings to experience it and become more involved. Through the use of biblical materials, this program and philosophy also has a solid foundation for education. To best educate people and implement these purposes and goals I have stated, it is vital to understand how individuals learn and grow in Christian faith. At the foundation of Christian education is iblical studies and theology, but it also seeks to integrate them with knowledge that is gleaned from the social sciences of education, sociology, and psychology (Anthony 13). By utilizing various teaching strategies that encompass learning theory systems, such as cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral, teaching objectives can be created. These explain what the educator wants the students themselves to think, to feel, and to do; how ever, there needs to be a personal relationship with God, as the Holy Spirit helps one to grow in the image of Christ. When studying the social sciences of education, there is an emphasis on development; humans grow, mature, and develop in varying ways throughout their life spans. In an excerpt from Anthony’s book, â€Å"cognitive development refers to the orderly changes that occur in the way people understand and cope with their world. Cognitive theorists are concerned with how we know, that is, with how we obtain, process, and use information† (68). Jean Piaget first proposed the design of this type of growth, and maintained that there are four major periods, each age-related, of cognitive development: sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operations, and formal operations. By knowing these stages in cognitive development, one can apply the concepts in teaching. The educator must focus on what the person at each stage can do, as well as avoid what they can’t understand. They need to be intentional and effective in comprehending and meeting learners’ needs. Moral development is also an important issue that Christian educators need to understand. Bonnidell Clouse noted four general approaches to this type of development: psychoanalytical, learning/conditioning, cognitive/moral reasoning, and moral potential (Anthony 73). The psychoanalytical approach was advocated by Sigmund Freud, and describes development that occurs due to psychological conflict between the ego, superego, and id, where morality results from conflict; B. F. Skinner supported the approach of conditioning, where development occurs due to the individual being exposed to external stimuli and subsequently conditioned with a behavioral response to a given situation, and morality results from action. The cognitive/moral reasoning approach that Jean Piaget proposed is a process that accompanies cognitive/intellectual development, where â€Å"higher† levels of authority make moral decisions, concluding that morality results from knowledge; the fourth and last approach of moral potential was campaigned by Carl Rogers, where development of morals is innate to humanity and is progressed through the process of self-actualization as needs, basic and advanced, are fulfilled, and morality results from potential. These four approaches to moral development are based on the scientific perspective. Though Christian educators have both praised and ridiculed these theories, one of the basic criticisms is that the definition of morality is simple, narrow, and solitary. â€Å"Christian educators have often turned to Scripture and theology to supply the foundation for understanding moral development. Dennis Dirks notes the development framework presented in the metaphor of moral growth throughout the New Testament, as well as the concepts of internalization of values and moral transformation† (Anthony 78). Donald Joy describes moral development’s path as a pilgrimage, and believes it must have insights from theology, not just the social sciences, in order to provide a comprehensive view of the process. Since Christian educators have incorporated both the theorists’ approaches, as well as the theological ideals, their concept of moral development is more comprehensive. â€Å"It must include reasons, actions, and characters that require knowledge, behavior, virtues, and principles† (Anthony 81). Faith development is another issue for Christian educators to take into consideration. James W. Fowler is the founder of this theory, devoting his time to studying the nature of faith and its development. In order to understand his theory, it is necessary to realize that his primary conceptualization of faith is generic; he assumes that all human beings have some form of faith that proceeds through a rather predictable process of development (Anthony 83). According to Michael Anthony, â€Å"in faith development, a distinction is made between beliefs and faith. Beliefs are significant means by which faith is expressed. But faith is much deeper and includes both conscious and unconscious motivations† (83). Fowler defines faith in terms of loyalty and trust, such as devotion to ideas or persons that have worth to us (â€Å"centers of value†), loyalty to power centers in life that give a sense of security, and devotion to a â€Å"master story† that gives direction and hope in life (84). The calling of God upon believers is emphasized in relating the development of faith to Christianity, where vocation is the response a person makes. The image of God is placed within each person, and the stages of faith symbolize one way in which the potential of that image unfolds. Conversion and transformation are two aspects of faith growth that correlate with New Testament teachings. These insights contribute to the process of Christian education, but one must also be aware of its weaknesses and limitations. â€Å"God’s perspective as given in Scripture must be the ultimate and most important benchmark by which faith development is measured† (Anthony 89). However, this theory does imply that the faith of adults has the potential to continue to develop throughout adulthood; this is a valid reason to include adult ministries, such as small group meetings, to the educational ministry of the church. As mentioned previously, there are multiple learning theory styles which are used to help teach the student and attain the goals and objectives in a curriculum, three significant ones being cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral theories. These describe ways in which people learn and grow, and should be utilized by Christian educators. While specific theories of learning do not translate directly into principles of teaching, they provide maps and compasses to aid the inexperienced teacher-traveler in charting the course to learning success† (Anthony 101). Educating is more than expressing subject matter and demonstrating the knowledge of the teacher; it is facilitating the convergence of the needs of the learner, as well as subject substa nce. These two aspects fall into three fundamental areas of life: what we think (meaningful understanding), what we value (personal convictions), and what we do (skilled behavior). There needs to be from any learner/student a deeper understanding, the development of appropriate values, and the sharpening of skills (101). The first primary area of life, what we think, involves the cognitive theory of learning. These focus on the internal mental processes people use in their effort to make sense of the world. Cognitive theorists view learning as a reorganization of perceptions. Michael Anthony describes perception as â€Å"the meaning we attach to information we receive from the world around us. Perceptual reorganization allows learners to develop a clear understanding of the subject† (104). Jean Piaget is one advocate and leading thinker in this area, and describes the process through the use of terms, such as organization (the natural tendency to make sense of experiences by incorporating them into logically related cognitive structures), schemes (the cognitive structures produced as a result of this development process), equilibration (the natural tendency to maintain a balance between what one already knows and what one experiences in the world), and adaptation (the natural process of adjusting our thinking or environment so that balance exists between what we know and what we experience). Assimilation and accommodation are two parts of adaptation; assimilation interprets experiences so they fit what we already know, and accommodation adjusts schemes so they fit what we experience (105). Another advocate in cognitive learning theory is Jerome Bruner, and â€Å"he believes the goal of teaching is to promote the general understanding of a subject and that the facts and relationships children discover through their own explorations are more usable and tend to be better retained than material they have merely committed to memory† (Anthony 105). In his research, he proposed that this discovery type of learning increases and creates improved problem-solving skills and a higher degree of confidence in the capability to learn as they â€Å"learn how to learn. † He proposed the structuring of subjects, allowing them to be arranged in a way to aid in student’s learning; this structure is facilitated by the three components of presentation, economy, and power. Discovery learning highlights student’s activity, initiative, and solutions. Later, Bruner’s theory was adjusted to include more teacher intervention and direction, called directed discovery. The second learning style incorporates what we value, and is called the humanistic theory. â€Å"Educational humanism, or affective education, emphasizes the affective domain of learning: receiving (personal openness), responding (personal response), valuing (personal conviction), organizing (personal value system), and characterizing (personal lifestyle)† (Anthony 107). In this theory, true human learning involves attitudes, emotions, and values, stressing the uniqueness of each learner. Three leading psychologists who influenced humanistic methods of education are Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Arthur Combs. Maslow focused his efforts on those who were mentally healthy (self-actualized), and believed that children make wise choices for their own learning when given the opportunity; teachers assemble meaningful learning conditions, and students select from those they find personally valuable. Rogers created person-centered methods in his counseling as a psychotherapist, which revolves around the client, standing against directive therapy, which revolves around the counselor. â€Å"He focused more on phenomenology (the world as it is perceived by individuals) than reality (the world as it may actually be). In his view, teachers should trust students to do their work to the best of their ability and provide opportunities for learning† (Anthony 107). According to Rogers, students will then take responsibility for their own learning. Combs, in his specific beliefs on humanistic learning theory, accentuated and advocated that teachers should serve as catalysts for learning, facilitating the experience for students. His research is similar to Bruner’s, but Combs placed more emphasis on sharing personal views and less on objective problem solving. For Combs, meaning is not inherent in the subject matter; it is the individual who instills subject matter with its meaning. His dilemma was not how to present subject matter but how to help students derive personal meaning† (Anthony 107). All three of these specific theorists, Bruner, Rogers, and Combs, explored and researched certain ideals that encompass, in the broader view, humanistic principles of learning. The third and fi nal fundamental area of life, what we do, involves the behavioral theory of learning. Ivan Pavlov (Classical Conditioning), E. L. Thorndike (Connectionism), and B. F. Skinner (Operant Conditioning) are three of the most prominent theorists of behavioral learning. Pavlov is the founder of classical conditioning, discovering through experimenting with dogs a connection between food, the stimulus, and salivation, the response; this connection is called a stimulus-response bond. â€Å"This link provided the foundation for behavior modification – behavior shaping as well as brainwashing . . . classical conditioning in classrooms focuses on involuntary behaviors that are outside conscious control† (Anthony 102). Thorndike, the second theorist, is known as the father of educational psychology. He demonstrated the mechanism by which new responses are formed, whereas the work of Pavlov emphasized only simple reflex actions; Thorndike showed that stimuli occurring after a behavior had an influence on future behaviors. He postulated three laws of learning: The Law of Readiness (stating that learning proceeds best when learners are prepared to respond), The Law of Exercise (stating that repetition strengthens the timulus-response bonds), and The Law of Effect (stating that any response followed by pleasure or reward is strengthened, whereas any response followed by pain is weakened). Skinner created the Operant Conditioning theory of behavioral learning, and it was an expansion of Thorndike’s Law of Effect. â€Å"In classical conditioning, responses are involuntary and elicited by specific stimuli. Operant conditioning emphasizes the acquisition of new behaviors as organisms operate on the ir environment in order to reach goals. The responses are voluntary and emitted by people or animals† (Anthony 103). Skinner used pigeons in his research, placing them in observation cages; when they behaved desirably, he reinforced that behavior with food, and was able to teach them through providing reinforcing stimuli for the desirable behavior. This educational application is seen best in programmed instruction. Learning programs begin with a desired competency, and then breaks this competency into small steps of learning. â€Å"Programmed instruction maximizes learner reinforcement (reward) and also the amount of interaction between learner and information† (Anthony 103). These systems are used today, found in textbooks as well as some forms of Christian school curriculum (the Accelerated Christian Education). Pavlov, Thorndike, and Skinner all used behavioral theories of learning, expounding on certain principles and ideas that are useful in teaching for educators. In terms of my own leading and teaching of Christian education, my focus will be through the use of Christ-centered music as I direct the worship and praise team for my church congregation; I will also teach and lead a more specific group of people, adults, in small group meetings. For the contemporary service, Sunday mornings at my church will begin and end in worship, with the people singing and praising God. There will be more modern and upbeat Christian music, with a live band that I intend to lead, and this genre of music is tailored toward the younger generations who attend this service; there will still be the formal church service, where hymns are sung, creating a more somber atmosphere for the elder generation who grew up and are accustomed with this type of music. I believe through the use of songs that are more recognizable to the individuals, such as singing the music that many of the attendees (youth, teenagers, and young adults) love to sing with and listen to on Christian radio stations, they (the students, in this setting) will be inspired and feel the calling to lift their voices and hearts to the Lord in praise of His Glory. This is something our Heavenly Father has asked us to do, and pleases Him as a part of ministry. In 1 Chronicles 25, this entire chapter is devoted to listing â€Å"The Singers†, and was called a service. All these men were under the supervision of their fathers for the music of the temple of the Lord, with cymbals, lyres, and harps, for the ministry at the house of God† (1 Chr. 25. 6). As many of the verses of these songs come directly from scripture in the Bible, they will be singing out His words and the teachings from the Master Teacher, Jesus Christ; for people who don’t recognize the songs , the musicality and melodies themselves being current and upbeat will allow them to have a more enjoyable experience, while praising God through worship, as well as learning the powerful words. Music is something most everyone cares for, to varying degrees, and has the ability to evoke strong emotions and feelings. By leading this band, I will also be able to teach the members who are involved in this service to the church and its congregation, incorporating their ideas and musical talents into the worship each week. When I think upon social science’s influence concerning different learning theories for teaching, such as cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral learning as mentioned previously, I seem to be drawn more toward the humanistic view of how people learn. John Dewey is considered the father of progressive education, though the foundation had been laid for a new approach toward the teacher-learner process prior to him by people like Luther, Melanchthon, and Sturn, all of whom had advocated the importance placed upon students to have a firm understanding regarding education. Humanistic theories of learning are more personal, accenting the significance and role of feelings and emotions, which I find imperative for both the teacher and student in learning and teaching. Arthur Combs was one of the most prominent promoters of this theory. Effective facilitators, according to Combs, are well-informed, sensitive, believe in their students’ abilities to learn, have a positive self-concept, and use many methods to engage students in the learning process† (Anthony 107). The tendency is a desire to create an environment for learning that is free from fear, punishment, harsh discipline, and manipulative methods. In my opinion, these a re all concepts that Jesus Himself used in his own teachings, and I will use this technique in my own teachings, and in leading worship for my church. I will also teach individuals attending small group meetings each week, leading them with the use of, and emphasis on, God’s word. This will include a more particular set of people, as these meetings will be for young adults; the ages will range anywhere from 18 to 40’s, though most will be in their 20’s and 30’s, as there are small group meetings already created specifically for both the much younger adults, as well as for the older ones. However, anyone over the age of 18 will be welcomed. These meetings will be a much smaller target area in my teaching and leading, unlike worship, which includes the entire congregation – children, teens, young adults, as well as older adults who might choose to attend the contemporary service. This smaller setting will allow for individuals to be able to participate in discussions more easily than if it were a larger group; it will permit for one-on-one talks between myself and them (the students), as well as fellowship among themselves. Also, biblical material will be used, such as videos pertaining to themes that will be set up (lasting anywhere between four and eight weeks each); by utilizing courses created by other pastors and teachers, there will be the added benefit of learning important issues and studies through others, and I will lead the group in any discussion questions that arise. At these meetings, we will begin by â€Å"breaking bread† through eating together. Each individual will contribute, if able, to the meal every week; this will allow for great fellowship and people becoming more familiar and friendly with one another. As this will help to make everyone more comfortable prior to the lesson, I believe this will aid in the students being more open, feeling an acceptance from the group and encouraging them to ask questions and become involved in the studies. In the Gospel of Luke, The Last Supper is described, with Jesus speaking to his apostles. â€Å"And he took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, ‘This is my body given for you; do this in remembrance of me. ’ In the same way, after the supper he took the cup, saying, ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is poured out for you. † (Luke 22. 19-20). In the same way that Jesus shared meals, especially his last meal – which we observe during church services as Communion – we will share meals together as a group. My teaching strategies for these small group meetings will be more intense than for leading worship, as there will be studies and further available learning material. W ith this in mind, I believe that the cognitive theory of learning will be helpful, as I intend to aid my students in thinking through issues and discussions that will be presented. As mentioned, both Jean Piaget and Jerome Bruner shaped this learning theory system, and many fundamental perspectives come from them. Piaget believed that intelligence is not something given to people, and that understanding is structured by them; Bruner also proposed subjects are to be organized and structured, determining the primary principles and their relation to one another. Cognitive learning was also found in Gestalt psychology, which is the view that learning takes place best when people see the relationship or pattern of one element to another. Gestalt psychology stressed the significance of relationships in the learning experience. Three early German gestalt psychologists were Ernst Mach, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Kohler† (Anthony 104). Ernest Mach held that human learning was determined by interaction between the world and our perception of it, not by mechanical bonds, like behaviorist John Watson believed. Max Wertheimer proposed that focusing on the smallest p arts of learning was pointless, instead embracing that the whole gave meaning to the individual parts. Wolfgang Kohler, through his experiments with chimpanzees, demonstrated learning by insight, while behaviorist E. L. Thorndike had emphasized trial and error learning instead. â€Å"These differences underscore the vast divide between behavioral and cognitive learning theories† (Anthony 104). Through reading about the various learning theories, I have found that, in my opinion, there is truth and insight to be gained from each; the cognitive, humanistic, and behavioral theorists’ opinions, research, and viewpoints all have the ability to aid in teaching. I want to take into account all I have myself learned, and use it in my small group meetings. I feel there is no need to limit myself to one specific theory or belief, but to acknowledge the various ideas that have been put forward by these prominent thinkers, and use them in my own teaching; people are different, and therefore learn in different ways, so having a firm grasp of these techniques is an asset in leading. While I intend to use the social sciences and psychological theories of learning in my teaching, I know that the ultimate teacher is Jesus Christ. He taught us to love one another, give forgiveness to our enemies, to teach through gentleness and understanding, as well as giving us the Fruits of the Spirit; â€Å"But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control† (Gal. 5. 22-23). I want to be led by the Holy Spirit, walking the path that God has set for me, and allowing Him to work through me as I teach His word and promises to others. I will continue in my prayers, striving everyday for a closer relationship with Jesus, and ask Him to give me the wisdom to teach and lead; as I dig deeper into the Bible, I myself will increase in spiritual maturity. There must be attentiveness to this indispensable and crucial theological keystone of the faith for my Christian education program to be successful. In conclusion, my philosophy toward a Christian education through the medium of leading worship with Christ-centered music for my church congregation, as well as in teaching small group meetings for adults, has been discussed throughout this paper. By creating my purposes and goals for students in these areas of teaching and leading, and by having a solid foundation in biblical principles, I address how I want my students to perceive, accept, and fulfill the gospel; that is, to think, to feel, and to do. These teaching and learning strategies encourage students to think (cognitive theory) about God, His word, and the promises He made to His children, to feel (humanistic theory) His presence in their lives and be on fire for the Lord, and to fulfill (behavioral theory) the Great Commission through going out into the community and spreading the good word, The Holy Bible, as well as developing a closer relationship with Jesus and allowing the Holy Spirit to guide them in their life decisions. These goals use the multiple social sciences’ theories on learning, and how people grow in their Christian faith; my beliefs and opinions on how to lead and teach in Christian education are also expressed, as I state the need to incorporate all information available to educators for the best outcome in teaching students. The most important aspect is to have a Christ-centered learning experience, utilizing biblical material and God’s word; this will have the most impact, as the Lord will lead me in leading and teaching others. Works Cited Anthony, Michael J. Introducing Christian Education: Foundations for the Twenty-first Century. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001. Print. The Holy Bible. Intl. Bible Society. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984. Print. New Intl. Vers. How to cite Philosophy of Christian Education, Essay examples

Introduction to Criminology

After reading the article, it is notable that there are awesome highlights explaining the history, development, and evolution of crime in the society. The first thing that comes out clearly from the article is the nature of crime. Different criminal activities have existed in the society over the past centuries. For example, certain criminal activities such as robbery have been common. In the recent past, new criminal activities have emerged such as piracy and gunfights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Criminology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some crimes such as slavery have reappeared in the form of kidnappings. It is because of this aspect of crime that new technologies scientific inquiries have emerged to understand the field of criminology much better. In the 18th century, criminology emerged as a major field of study with different sociologists and scholars contributing a lot to the field . This eventually played a major role towards reforming criminal justice and law in Europe. The other fascinating issue from the article is how crime has changed over the centuries. Crime and the definition of criminal acts and deviant behaviors are â€Å"social products†. This means that the individuals in a specific society will define what should be a crime or not. Criminologists distinguish acts depending on the society and the existing political laws. It is also notable that the article explains how people identify certain acts to be bad because they have been prohibited in the society. This explains why there are some universal laws against acts such as assault, rape, and murder. The author of the article goes further to present a fascinating point of interest. There are two models of criminal law. These include the â€Å"consensus† and the â€Å"conflict† models. The consensus model explains how a society describes what is â€Å"wrong† and then imp lements the most effective laws. The conflict model, on the other hand, explains how criminology and criminal law originates from the interests or expectations of various politicians, interest groups, or leaders. This means that the definition of crime mainly reflects the expectations and views of the powerful people in a society. The article also explores the problem of crime from a sociopolitical and economic perspective thus making it a frustrating â€Å"moment†. According to statistics, global crime has been on the rise since the Second World War. Crime continues to take new forms depending on technological changes and developments.Advertising Looking for essay on criminology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As well, crime is a major problem because it is hard to estimate its costs. A study by David Anderson indicated that the cost of crime is very high and affects the lives of people across the world. The article e xplains how crime affects people and increases the level of government expenditure to cater for prisoners, control crime, and policing. This is the reason why governments and societies should consider the best laws to address the problem of crime because it affects all people alike. In our modern world, the article explains why crime continues to become a major challenge across the globe. Crime also has both sociological and psychological aspects thus making it full cost incalculable. That being the case, there should be new inquiries to define crime accurately and be able to address it because it is a major concern today. I would therefore recommend this article because it offers a wider range of views, insights, and understanding of crime as a major sociological issue affecting the world today. This essay on Introduction to Criminology was written and submitted by user Bart Rozum to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson essays

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson essays There has never been a President of the United States that has been removed from office. However, there have been Presidents that have been impeached. Impeachment is when Congress and the Supreme Court exercise what the Constitution calls "Checks and Balances." Contrary to popular belief, impeachment does not necessarily result in removal from office. Impeachment means that the Legislature has the legal right to investigate, expose, and remedy crimes committed by a politician or the President of the United States of America. In a nutshell, impeachment can be explained in seven steps. First, the House Judiciary Committee deliberates over whether to initiate an impeachment inquiry. Then, The Judiciary Committee adopts a resolution seeking authority from the entire House of Representatives to conduct an inquiry. Before voting, the House debates and considers the resolution. Approval requires a majority vote. Thirdly, the Judiciary Committee conducts an impeachment inquiry where articles of impeachment are prepared, which must be approved by a majority vote of the Committee. Next, The House of Representatives considers and debates the articles of impeachment and decides by a majority vote if the President shall be brought to trial and impeached. After it is decided that the President will be impeached, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court presides over the President's trial in the Senate. Following the conclusion of the trial, the Senate votes on whether or not the President shall be removed from office. A two-thirds vote is required to replace the President. Finally, if the President is in fact removed, the Vice President will take over as head of the Executive Branch. If the President is not removed, he will return to his job in office. In Andrew Johnson's time, he was the only president to be impeached. He was tried according to the rules of the U.S. Senate and beat the rap by a single vote. Johnson had many impossible tasks u...

Learn the Conjugations for Sourire (to Smile)

Learn the Conjugations for Sourire (to Smile) Sourire  is a great French verb because it means to smile. When you want to say the past tense she smiled or the present tense we are smiling, the verb will need to be conjugated. In order to do this, youll need to memorize quite a few words and this lesson will introduce you to the essentials youll need. The Basic Conjugations of  Sourire Some French verbs are easier to conjugate than others. Unfortunately, sourire is not one of the easy ones. Thats because its an irregular verb and it does not follow any common rules. However, a verb such as rire (to laugh) does share the same endings. If you study smiling and laughing at the same time, both will be just that much easier to remember. Who knows, you might even have a little fun! The first step in any French verb conjugation is to identify the verb stem (or radical). In this case, that is  sour-. With that, you can use the table to find the correct ending to use. Simply find the subject pronoun needed and choose either the present, future, or imperfect past tense. For example,  I am smiling is  je souris  and we smiled is  nous souriions. Present Future Imperfect je souris sourirai souriais tu souris souriras souriais il sourit sourira souriait nous sourions sourirons souriions vous souriez sourirez souriiez ils sourient souriront souriaient The Present Participle of  Sourire Beyond the verb usage, the present participle of sourire can be used as an adjective or noun. Its easy to form as well. Simply add - iant to the radical and you have souriant Sourire  in the Compound Past Tense The passà © composà © is a compound past tense and its used frequently in French. In order to construct it, you will conjugate avoir into the present tense and follow it with the past participle souri. That gives you jai souri for I smiled and nous avons souri for we smiled. More Simple Conjugations of  Sourire If you need to question to the act of smiling,  the subjunctive verb mood  can be used. When the act is dependent on something,  the conditional  is useful.  The passà © simple  and  imperfect subjunctive  are both literary forms, so youll find those most often in written French. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je sourie sourirais souris sourisse tu souries sourirais souris sourisses il sourie sourirait sourit sourà ®t nous souriions souririons sourà ®mes sourissions vous souriiez souririez sourà ®tes sourissiez ils sourient souriraient sourirent sourissent The imperative  is the one time when its acceptable to skip the subject pronoun. Its useful for short sentences, such as commanding someone to Smile!   Imperative (tu) souris (nous) sourions (vous) souriez

Martin Luther King jr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Martin Luther King jr - Essay Example grew up in a society where there was a lot of segregation but he rose up against the social injustices in various ways that even saw him to be recognized as a Nobel Prize winner in the year 1964. This essay will discuss the major inspirations imparted by Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in his career and other activities that aimed at terminating social injustices in the U.S. To start with, Martin Luther King Jr. started reformation towards social justice at early stages in his life, something not very common to many people. Martin Luther King Jr. was born in a family of religious leaders, who advocated for social justice and fairness in the society. As a result, the young Martin Luther King Jr., initially named as Michael King was exposed to social issues that affected American populations. According to the Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, the activism of his father against racial discrimination as well as the depression period in the country made Martin Luther King Jr. to be acquainted with the social injustices and economic inequalities in the country (1). Therefore, the nature of the early life of Martin Luther King Jr. made him to develop agitation for fairness to people in the society. What inspires most in this story is that Martin Luther King Jr. did not stop at that but took an initiative against the prevailing injustices . The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute points out that following the inspiration from his father as well as other religious leaders, Martin Luther King Jr. took an initiative of being ordained as a church leader and started his political activism by writing letters to editors of national newspapers while still at Morehouse College (1). This is quite inspiring because very few students can take such a bold step at their tender ages as in the case of Martin Luther King Jr. Of more significance, Martin Luther King Jr. was confident to criticize any issue that seemed not right in the

Why did Muslims fight each other during the first century of Islam Essay

Why did Muslims fight each other during the first century of Islam (seventh century C.E.), and how did they justify it - Essay Example They were easily turned against each other with the help of false rumors spread by troublemakers which indicates that they lacked that brotherhood and harmony for which Islam was popular in the life of Prophet Muhammad. The Battle of Jamal or Battle of the Camel is a very important example of tension between the Muslims during the first century of Islam. This is probably the most notable and unfortunate war of the 7th century and took place in 656 at Basra, Iraq. The Muslims fought among themselves in this war due to false allegations promoted by Kharijites (Lapidus 66). Kharijites were former Muslims who gained prominence in Iraq in the late 7th century. They first supported the leadership of Imam Ali and went on to reject it later. They were not happy with the authority of Imam Ali and secretly resented him. When Imam Usman, the third Caliph, was assassinated at the hands of the rebels sent from Egypt to Medina, rumors spread that the murder happened on instruction of Imam Ali. Some historical sources also suggest that Imam Usman’s burial was not attended by Imam Ali which is a factor that might have worked to reinforce the rumors (Lapidus 65). His untimely death remained unavenged under l eadership of Imam Ali who became the fourth Caliph of Islam. This factor coupled with rumors spread by Kharijites about Imam Ali worked to hugely anger Prophet Muhammad’s wife Aisha (Lapidus 66). So, she gathered a large number of Muslims to overthrow Imam Ali’s caliphate and his supporters. The Muslims stood against each other in this war which led to death of a large percentage of Muslims. This war was started by Aisha because the killers of Imam Usman were not arrested. She was also against the appointment of Ali as the fourth Caliph. Imam Ali’s supporters were also extremists and did not try to negotiate affairs. There was a lot of bloodshed as Aisha and her supporters were defeated and Muslims fought Muslims for the first time in this war. The

Hydrated Copper Sulfate Formula

Hydrated Copper Sulfate Formula Aim The aim of the experiment was to determine the empirical formula of hydrated copper (II) sulphate(CuSO4Â · xH2O)by experiment and to investigate the changes of copper (II) ions in solution. Introduction Copper is a d-block Transition metals, which are elements in Group 3-12 of the Periodic Table. It has the electronic structure 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1, and can form complex formation (Chemguide, 2003). Complex ions are compounds having a central atom surrounded by other molecules called ligands, and these ligands can form dative covalent bonds to the central particle (Lister and Renshaw 2000). Lister and Renshaw (2000) further state that good ligands can displace poorer ligands from complexes, and the log of stability constants (logKc) can be used to measure the stability of complexes. The larger logKc, the more stable the complex (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). Most complexes are coloured since the movement of electrons between d orbitals will absorb a quanta of electromagnetic energy and the resulting energy gap is corresponding to frequencies of electromagnetic radiation in the visible region of the spectrum (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). Copper (II) sulphate has a considerable number of compounds, which have different degrees of hydration. Fishing (2009) points out that pentahydrate (CuSO4Â · 5H2O) is bright blue due to the water of hydration and when heated, the blue copper sulphate can be dehydrated to a grey-white power called anhydrous salt. The structure can be seen in Figure 1. Two water molecules will be lost at 30? when heated, and two more are then lost at 110?, followed by the last one at 250? (Fishing, 2009). As stated by Chemguide (2003), the typical blue hexaaquacopper (II) ion- [Cu(H2O)6]2+ is the simplest form in solution. Forming stronger bonds than water molecules with the center particle (Cu2+), chloride ions can displace water molecules and form a yellow-green [CuCl4]2- (aq) whose value of logKc is 5.6 (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). Figure 2 shows the structure of the [CuCl4]2-. The reaction of hexaaquacopper (II) ions with chloride ions can be shown as: [Cu (H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4Cl-(aq) [CuCl4]2-(aq) + 6H2O(l) (Chemguide, 2003) When copper (II) sulphate solution reacts with ammonia, it has two separate stages. Chemguide (2003) suggests that in the first stage, a small amount of ammonia can lead to hydrogen ions being removed from the hexaaqua ion. As a result, a neutral complex is produced, which is a precipitate with a pale blue colour (Chemguide, 2003). The equation for this reaction can be written as: [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 2NH3(aq) ?[Cu(H2O)4(OH)2](aq) + 2NH4+(aq) (Chemguide, 2003) Chemguide (2003) further reports that when adding excess ammonia solution, the ammonia will replace four of the six water molecules from [Cu(H2O)6]2+, forming a deep blue [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq). Its value of logKc is 13.2 (Lister and Renshaw, 2000). The reaction can be shown as: [Cu(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 4NH3(aq)?[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) (Chemguide, 2003) Method The apparatus consisted of crucible, spatula, burner and tongs, electronic balance, desiccator and stand, as well as three conical flasks, and the chemicals included copper sulphate, concentrated hydrochloric acid and ammonia solution. The method of this experiment was divided into two parts. According to Lane (2009.a), the practical for determining the formula in part 1 was done as following steps, and all figures gained were corrected to two decimal places. To start with, the inside of the crucible was cleaned with a cloth. Subsequently, a paper clip was placed in the crucible. The crucible was then weighed and the weight was recorded. After that, using the electronic balance, 2.58g copper sulphate was added into the crucible. Before placing the crucible on the stand and heating, the burner was lit and placed under the stand. Using the paper clip, the crystals were stirred when heating. The change in colour was then noted. After that, using the tongs, the crucible was placed inside the desiccator to cool down. When cool down to room temperature, the crucible was reweighed and the procedures heating, cooling, and weighing were repeated until constant weight was recorded. Some water was added to the crucible at the end and the result was noted. In part 2, the steps making complex ions in solution can be shown below (Lane, 2009.b). At the beginning, some copper sulphate and water were put into three conical flasks and these flasks were shaken and observed. After that, using a pipette, concentrated hydrochloric acid was dropped into one flask. Any phenomena were noted. Before observing, a small amount of ammonia solution was then added into the second flask. At the end, excessive ammonia solution was put into the third flask and the result was recorded. Discussion: In part 1, using the data from Table 1 and the formula n = m/Mr, where n = moles, m = Mass of sample and Mr = relative Molecular Mass (Lane, 2009.b), the steps in the calculation of the formula (CuSO4Â · x H2O) can be shown as follows. Mr (CuSO4) =159.6 m (CuSO4) =1.64g n (CuSO4) = m/Mr =1.64/159.6 = 0.010289 moles Mr (H2O) = 18 m (H2O) = 0.94g n (x H2O) = m/Mr = 0.94/18 = 0.052222 moles The ratio can be determined: CuSO4: x H2O = n (CuSO4): n (x H2O) Therefore: 1 : x = 0.010289 : 0.052222 x = 5.0755 The value x = 5.0755 can be approximate to x = 5; therefore, the empirical formula is CuSO4Â · 5H2O. As stated by theory, when heating the crystals, the water will evaporate depending on the temperature. Repeating heating and stirring the crystals can ensure the hydrated CuSO4 is dehydrated completely. The positive result of x = 5 indicates that the heater can reach 250? at least in the experiment, which provides the power to drive off all water molecules from the crystal. Copper (II) oxide (CuO) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) will be produced when heating the crystal at around 600? (Fishing, 2009). It can be deduced that when over heating, the black CuO (s) and the pungent smell SO3 (g) would be observed. The colour changing grey-white to blue when adding water into anhydrous copper sulphate can explain why the crucible needs to cool down inside the desiccator. It is to avoid the anhydrous copper sulphate absorbing H2O from the air and reforming hydrated CuSO4. This is also why anhydrous CuSO4 can be widely used for testing the presence of water in other chemical experiments. The green colour in part 2 could be explained in terms of a mixture of colours from [Cu(H2O)6]2+ (blue) and [CuCl4]2- (yellow-green). It can be deduced that if adding enough water into the green solution, the green solution would turn back to blue, because a high concentration of H2O would lead to the reversible reaction tending to produce more [Cu(H2O)6]2+. The results about copper (II) ions reacting with NH3 (aq) mean that the blue precipitate (Cu(OH)2) can dissolve when adding excessive of ammonia. All reactions tend to high stability, low energy. As mentioned by theory, the logKc value of [Cu(NH3)4 (H2O)2]2+ (aq) (13.2) is larger than [CuCl4]2-(aq) (5.6), which means that the complex [Cu(NH3)4 (H2O)2]2+ is more stable than [CuCl4]2-, and NH3 is a better ligant than Cl-. Therefore, the reaction NH3 replacing Cl- from [CuCl4]2-(aq) can be deduced. Compared with the empirical formula CuSO4Â · 5H2O, the calculated answer is slightly high, although it can be estimated to x = 5. There are three main reasons can explain the result. The crucible may not be completely dry, and extra water evaporated will give a higher value. In addition, when over heating, the mass of gases would be regarded as the loss mass of water. Finally, some crystals would splash out when stirring, which can lead to the calculated value higher. In order to produce more accurate result, several areas could be improved. Controlling the flame intensity of burner, putting an asbestos net under the crucible or granulating the crystal can reduce the possibility of decomposition and ensure the crystal is dehydrated completely. Conclusion In conclusion, the empirical formula of hydrated copper sulphate can be determined as CuSO4Â · 5H2O by experiment. Water molecules can make the copper complex ion blue. Ammonia (NH3) causes deep blue colour, and chloride ions (Cl-) make the copper complex solution yellow-green. Therefore, the nature of ligands can affect the energies of the d orbitals and produce complexes with different colours. References Chemguide (2003) [online] Copper Available at: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/transition/copper.html [Access at: December 20, 2009] Fishing (2009) [online] Copper Sulfate, Equation for Decomposition Available at: http://www.finishing.com/116/07.shtml [Access at: December 22, 2009] Kecheng (nd) [online] Indentify the Formula of Hydrated Copper Sulphate Available at: http://kecheng.edu.people.com.cn/index/newscontent/snsy/czhx/syzl6_2_4_2.htm [Access at: December 28, 2009] Lane, R (2009.a) Chemistry Practical Handout Lane, R (2009.b) IFY Course Notes Lister, T. and Renshaw, J. (2000). Chemistry for Advanced Level (third edition). Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes Ltd.

Career Objective

The Purpose of Studying at AIT and Career Objective For Obtaining AIT’s Master Degree I am a degree holder of Bachelor of Engineering (Information Technology) and I have a keen interest in information technology,especially in programming. During this years, I am not only working at Agricultural Mechnization Department as a Senior Assistant Engineer but also learning computer programming language. It has equipped me with stable technical skills in programming and experience with SDLC methodologies.Throughout the experience of working on different IT projects,it has established my interest in project management and I made me realized that my own career goal is to be a professional Computer Programmer or a Chief Information Officer. In our country ,many professional programmer and IT manager formed various committees and association such as Myanmar Computer Professional Association(MCPA) . The government has initiated various programs such as their Own Ministry Websites and the E -commerce system to provide strategic direction towards Myanmar’s IT development..However,these initiatives are facing issues such as lack of technology transfer due to short of IT specialists. However,I think that my existing knowledge and experience is insufficient for me to be able to achieve my goal. Hence , this is my motivation behind of my admission to your course. To be a successful Computer programmer and IT manager, rich IT knowledge and experience is critical. However,knowledge in various areas of project is also crucial.I expert that the Master in Computer Science at Asian Institute of Technology will allow me to enhance and strength my acamedic knowledge about management theories and programming methodologies. Also, through the peer to peer experience sharing to be able to familiarize myself with the challenges and difficulties that may arise during computer system management at various industries and learn how to overcome these challenges and difficulties by sha ring ideas with one another.I also strongly believe that my Master degree from AIT will give me the qualities and capability to help overcome the technology transfer obstacle in Myanmar. My graduate degree in AIT will help me become an IT specialist in the government office and in long term venture into technology management consultation to help Myanmar master the technology to compete with the developed countries that have moved on to a more advanced technology. I wish to form innovative strategies to initiate various database system ventures in the public sector.We must have built in every corner of the needs not only in economic, politic movement but also the basic communication and technology as well. We truly need the basic knowledge of 21 century’s general modern industrial’s beneficial and advantages. We must take the advantages of innovative technology in order to make some change for the better place of Myanmar. . The more we have variety educated, skillful an d professional social workers, and the better way to develop our country with respect to the basic needs.In my conclusion,today era is information and communication era. Today’s youth will be able to catch up with the technological age only if they constantly study IT technologies in accord with the modern age. These are what I am willing to do and what I am always dreaming about how to make change for my country to be a democratic one. I truly believe that AIT is the best choice to due to the excellent academic reputation and atmosphere within the university. It will be great honor for me to have an opportunity to study a leading global university like AIT.

A Primary Source Of The West Indies By Henry Nelson Coleridge

The document I chose to analyze as a primary source is Six Months in The West Indies by Henry Nelson Coleridge. This is a small journal published in 1825 that follows Henry N. Coleridge’s trips around the West Indies with his uncle, William Hart Coleridge who is a bishop of Barbados. While on his trip throughout the isles, Coleridge not only comments on the local governments and ecosystems but the treatment of slaves and the institution of slavery as well. His viewpoints are in no way abolitionist, but he does appear to have a vein of sympathy for slaves of the West Indies. Many of his viewpoints are on how society and slave owners in the West Indies could better the lives of their slaves, none of them abolition, but for instance he suggests that â€Å"one of the most effectual ways for bettering the slaves would be thorough and humanizing education of the masters themselves (p.54).† While this argument, I feel, is not uncommon of a well-educated, English, relative of a high ranking religious official during this time period, I find it interesting to compare Coleridge’s accounts of slavery throughout the West Indies with that of an actual slave, Mary Prince, in the same region. Mary Prince was a slave in the Caribbean, who was bought and sold to multiple owners, on multiple isles, eventually gaining her freedom in Britain in 1828. This secondary source, The History of Mary Prince, was transcribed by Suzanna Strickland and edited by the abolitionist who took her in, Thomas Pringle

Enlightenment Is Not True That Madness Before The...

How far is it true that madness before the enlightenment is understood in primarily religious terms? By Name Presented to Institution Instructor Course Date How far is it true that madness before the enlightenment is understood in primarily religious terms? Origin of Enlightenment During the enlightenment period, fact named itself in a manner that would later enlighten compatriots. The Enlightenment was one of rare movements in human history associated with 17th and 18th century. Scholars argue that it begun back primarily in Paris and London. This period was to see a great positive shift in tyranny, ignorance, superstition and to build a good reputation in the world(Macdonald, 1981). With this plan, the enlightenment had hereditary domination by aristocrats and religion as their sole targets. The logic behind the Enlightenment period is all about Christianity as far as religion is concerned. From Italy to England to France, this major vibrant religion had its ideas affect day-to-day lives of many. Ideally, there would not have been any form of enlightenment without Christianity. Churchmen almost had equal rights and powers as emperors and many other rulers that existed then with some privileges being exemption from paying taxes(J. Schmidt, 2007). Philosophers, thinkers and scholars like John Locke and Voltaire sparked the enlightenment. Other significant names during this period were Isaac Newton, who was a great physicist and later recognized as father of modernShow MoreRelatedThe Elements Of Gothic Fiction In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1717 Words   |  7 Pagesis around 1817, as this was when it was written, and was influenced by the period’s movements such as â€Å"The Enlightenment†. Furthermore, the genre of the book is often described as â€Å"Gothic Horror†. This is due to the fact that, it constitutes many elements of other â€Å"Gothic Fiction† texts. 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